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6.<n :     3 rAA1?3@8! g4=d=d@:A 0Lppp@ R ʚ;b8ʚ;<4!d!dlT# 0X<4ddddlT# 0Xh___PPT2001D<4X0___PPT10 2___PPT9/ 0? %".What are the Value Conflicts and Assumptions?/. /  Learning Objectives: What is an assumption? What is a value? What is a value conflict? What is a value assumption? What is a descriptive assumption?        What is an assumption?   An unstated (and often unconscious) belief about the way the world is or should be that affects the acceptability of the reasons or conclusion. We make assumptions all the time-- We can t live without them! But sometimes assumptions can...:Z   What is a Value?   An unstated, worthwhile, abstract idea about what s good and right. (Truth, Loyalty, Freedom, etc.). Everybody has them-- and you can t live without them! We hold many values in common, but to different degrees& --which is why we argue so much! !:3w    What is a Value Conflict?   When two competing values cannot be held to the same degree in a given argument or situation: I value honesty and compassion. When my roommate asks how she looks in her new outfit, should I tell her that she has hideous taste in clothes? L<$ t   What is a Value Assumption?   t An implicit preference for one value over another in a particular context. When a particular (unstated) value  rises to the top to influence the choice of reasons and the conclusion.@3R    What Value is Assumed here?   Issue: My roommate asks me what I think of her new outfit. Conclusion: I ll tell her its ugly and that she should never buy her own clothes because she couldn t dress a scarecrow! Reason: She expects and deserves an honest answer. Value Assumption?R5 n-    What Value is Assumed here?   nIssue: My roommate asks me what I think of her new outfit. Conclusion: I ll tell her its nice but I think her boyfriend wont like the colors on her. Lets go to the mall and see if we can come up with something else. Reason: She is a sensitive person and I don t want to hurt her needlessly. Value Assumption? Z85 E 8   :So what s a Value Assumption?   An unstated idea about what s good or right that causes the person to come to a particular prescriptive conclusion. Look for unstated value assumptions behind the choice of reasons that support a particular conclusion. (The reason reveals a value)\s\     !What is a Descriptive Assumption?"!( "  2An unstated belief about the way the world was, is, or will become, and which affects the acceptability of the reasons or conclusion. Some common assumptions that may need to be questioned in some arguments: The writer is truthful The writer is competent The writer has presented all the relevant evidence.3Z9B H 3   Assumptions Example:(nPrescriptive Conclusion: We should stop driving gas-guzzling cars in order to reduce global warming. Reason: If we don t, there will be massive negative changes in the weather that will harm wildlife and cause flooding of coastal areas. Descriptive Reason: I read this article in Science Monthly by a PVCC professor. She had lots of footnotes. Value Assumptions: environmental health; preservation of wildlife; preservation of coastal human habitat. Descriptive Assumptions: The professor knows what she s talking about. The research she cited covered all the relevant issues. Stopping gas-guzzlers will be enough to stop global warming (this is a prediction of results, based on faith in the imperfect state of knowledge about global warming). Stopping gas-guzzlers won t cause some other negative problem for humans.ZYZO2XN  Values may bias our thinking.&PSometimes my values (and beliefs about human nature) cause me to want to accept or reject a particular descriptive conclusion based on incomplete or controversial data: Ex.: That government which governs least, governs best (a value belief about the world), so global warming is probably not human-caused, or if it is, the least intrusive method should be used to attempt to control it. 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